The game of volleyball was founded in 1895 in the USA and had the original name Flying Ball. William J. Morgan was a college physical education instructor. At one of the lessons, he suggested hanging a net 2 meters above the ground and throwing the ball. This is how volleyball was born. Two years later, the first volleyball was produced. This type of sports game was the result of a mixture of basketball, tennis, baseball and handball. In Europe, the basic rules of the game appeared in 1925 and have been fixed to this day.

The basic rules of the game of volleyball – briefly on the points

The basic rules of the game of volleyball – briefly on the points

The game of volleyball was founded in 1895 in the USA and had the original name Flying Ball. William J. Morgan was a college physical education instructor. At one of the lessons, he suggested hanging a net 2 meters above the ground and throwing the ball. This is how volleyball was born. Two years later, the first volleyball was produced. This type of sports game was the result of a mixture of basketball, tennis, baseball and handball.

In Europe, the basic rules of the game appeared in 1925 and have been fixed to this day.

Volleyball regulations

Volleyball is played by 2 teams of 6 people. To win, you need to score 25 points and win three games. The fifth game, as a rule, lasts up to 15 points. You can win a point for a team as follows:

• When the ball lands on the opponent’s court;
• If the opponent, when serving, hit the ball into the net or threw it into touch;
• If the opponent touched the net with his hand;
• If the opponent stepped over the line when the ball was served;
• If the opposing team makes the fourth and subsequent touches of the ball;
• When double-tapping the same player;
• If the opponent has served before the whistle of the referee.

In addition to technical violations, a penalty point can be awarded by the referee for unsportsmanlike behavior of both the player and the coach. As you understand, a lot of points can be obtained due to the mistakes of opponents. Therefore, when playing volleyball, it is necessary to think over the strategy of the game in advance and act together.

If we talk about the official rules, then the game goes on 3 games of 25 points each. There is no draw. If both teams score 24 points each, then the game continues until one of the teams has 2 more points.

The draw decides which team will serve first. Each transfer of the ball from one team to another is accompanied by the movement of players in the zones of the playing field in a clockwise direction.

Refereeing in volleyball

Volleyball has its own refereeing team:

• The first referee occupies the refereeing tower, which is located at one of the ends of the net.
• The second referee takes the opposite position from the first referee outside the playing area.
• The secretary sits at the table near the second referee and records the match process.
• The side and front lines are controlled by four judges on the side and front lines.

Such a variety of refereeing can be explained by the many controversial points of the competing teams. Sometimes the millimeter decides the fate of the winning point. To resolve disputes about the ball getting into touch or whether the participant touched the net, video replays of the game are watched and the refereeing team makes a decision.

Playing field

And now let’s take a closer look at the elements of the placement of players and the functions of each zone on the field. The volleyball court consists of 6 zones, each of which is assigned to a team member.

Innings

It is made behind the front line of the field. The person occupying this zone opens the game. It is from this position that you can set the tone of the game. In order for the serve to be effective, the athlete needs training. As we said at the beginning, due to inexperience and inattention, you can give a point to your opponent from the very beginning of the game, throwing the ball out of bounds, or even worse, not reaching it to your opponents. If you carefully watch the game of professional athletes, you can see how strong the players can serve.

Reception

The player who takes this place is called the libero. His zone accounts for half of all opponents’ strikes. He is located in the center of the field and stands under the blow of the opposing team’s serve. The task of such a player is to take the serve and play the ball with the team. The player of this zone does not participate in the attack and does not place blocks.

This element involves the highest members of the team. Their main function is to block, preventing the ball from entering their field. As practice shows, a block can bring a team up to 40% of points. Up to three participants can participate in this element.

When receiving the ball, the player hangs the ball of the top serve on other players. He can use a deceptive maneuver, thereby misleading the enemy.

Forward kick

It is he who brings more than half of the points to the team. The athlete, running up, makes every effort to hit the ball harder and the opposing team had less chance to hit the ball.

Volleyball is a team sport. Only with the right and thoughtful strategy, the team will be able to win. It is also necessary to remember that each team member is responsible for the zone assigned to him and must perform the necessary functions. If during the game you climb onto someone else’s fixed position, there is a chance to interfere and cause a loss.

Outlined the basic rules of the game of volleyball. All features of the game can be continued indefinitely. To know them all, you need to play yourself and, through trial and error, delve into the rules. But what we learned for sure is that this team sport is interesting and diverse, which makes us love it even more.

Overview F1 2020 to be a Formula 1 racer should mean that you will have to carry a large weight on your shoulders. I mean when thousands of hours were poured into the craft of their exquisite racing

Review F1 2020

To be a racer of Formula 1 should mean that you will have to carry a large weight on your shoulders. I mean when thousands of hours were poured into the craft of your exquisite racing car, imagine that your boss's face after, pushing it to the wall on the knees 1. But what if you This boss? F1 2020 allows you to be a pilot and a manager in your own team, so you have every right to ignore your own failure and instead punish dissatisfied aerodynamic employees, closing their research and development department.

Need to know

What is it? The official game of the World Cup Formula-1 2020, including F2.
Considered: 64-bit version of Windows 10 for the home, Intel Core I7 of the 10th generation, 16 GB of RAM, NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2070.
Price: 60 US dollars / 45 pounds, with two additional levels of premium DLC
Date of issue: already
I went out Publisher: Codemasters
Developer: Codemasters
Multiplayer: Local races for two players in the individual season of the Grand Prix, as well as network rating and nervous races and races in leagues with nets up to 20 players.
Link: Official site

For several years, the F1 series from Codemasters has been offering a comparable depth of career mode, but creating its own team and its management really affects the emotional affection that you feel. From the answers for the press for the press to the choice of the right teammate – you are responsible for your results to such an extent that you can clearly trace any failure to the wrong decision. And each variable, from the statistics of Acclaim to the choice of a sponsor and wear of the components and how you fill out the new calendar out of the schedule, combines with other systems, creating a single whole. But, what is the most remarkable, in the end, everything boils down to how you drive a car, which, of course, is of paramount importance in the racing game, which still remains very dynamic.

10 second fine

Of course, this is the “action” in the modern sense of the word in Formula 1, and although there are moments of genuine excitement, when your rival comes out of the boxes right next to you in turn 1, there are also countless them. The rules that need to be followed, and the necessary management of the service life of the components, which makes F1 a much more smart racing game than some of its analogues. The rise and movement by inertia in corners saves fuel and charges the ERS battery, which allows you to increase speed later or when you most need them in a defensive situation. Too sharp rotation of the wheel creates insufficient rotation, the tires wear out, and a trip on the curb can break fragile parts.

Review F1 2020: Gamez – Game Portal

Overview F1 2020 to be a Formula 1 racer should mean that you will have to carry a large weight on your shoulders. I mean when thousands of hours were poured into the craft of their exquisite racing

Review F1 2020

To be a racer of Formula 1 should mean that you will have to carry a large weight on your shoulders. I mean when thousands of hours were poured into the craft of your exquisite racing car, imagine that your boss's face after, pushing it to the wall on the knees 1. But what if you

This

boss? F1 2020 allows you to be a pilot and a manager in your own team, so you have every right to ignore your own failure and instead punish dissatisfied aerodynamic employees, closing their research and development department.

Liverpool Hope University-School of Creative and Performing Arts with a history of 175 years, Liverpool Hope University has a rich heritage, but still remains

Liverpool Hope University – School of Creative and Performing Arts

With a history of 175 years, Liverpool Hope University has a rich heritage, but still remains focused on the future.
The university has two main campuses: Hope Park, located in Childwall and Creative Campus in the center of Liverpool.
Liverpool Hope provides the best standards for the training and residence of his students, which in turn guarantees them successes in an academic career.
Based on the results of the survey “Choice of Higher Education 2016/17”, Liverpool Hope took 2nd place in the UK and 1st place in England in employment of graduates, while 98.1% of them are employed in their specialty or receive additional education after six months After receiving a diploma.
The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2019 is put by Liverpool Hope among the 50 best universities of Great Britain and 1st place in the northwest according to the reviews of the students themselves.

Speaker

Stephen Davismun is the deputy dean and head of the school of creative and performing arts in Liverpool Hope University. Stephen graduated from the Bachelor of Music in Southampton, received a doctoral degree in composition in Edinburgh, where he taught for 10 years. Then he took the position of professor at the department of modern composition at the University of Salford.

For more than 25 years, Stephen built a professional career as a composer and wrote music for a wide range of ensembles and events. He also wrote a number of electronic, interactive, electro-acoustic and Sound-Art musical installations.

Stephen worked with many famous musicians, institutions and festivals and performed in different countries: Brazil, the USA, Canada, Finland, Germany, Holland, Iceland, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Great Britain, Ukraine, Uruguay, etc.

Lecture topics

Living electronic music execution:
how to make sound perfect with modern technologies

Modern computer programs, such as Ableton Live, make a live performance of electronic music light, stable and intuitively understandable. At the lecture, we will talk about how to make an audio “pictures” (samples) of an electro-musical environment and how to explore its micro-sound world using various processes in real time, including cyclicity, filtration, strobing, granulation and spatial localization, so that As a result, get an exciting sound.

The entrance to the lecture is free by preliminary registration!

Musical score as a “puff pie” historical heritage

In many of my works, you can trace the game with the presence and lack of history and stories. I often think about a musical work and perceive it as an audial palympsest, that is, as a layering of different eras, as a reflection of a musical historical heritage.

Such audio “layers” are located over each other and, if you try, you can feel and trace their interaction among themselves. My goal is to come close to both the present and the past, through the recontextualization of each of them, to create a sound bridge between them, and at the lecture we will talk about that.

HSE Daily – news from the National Research University Higher School of Economics, education news, science at the university, research and analytics, expert opinions, information for applicants.

Without a keyword

Crypto games, NFTs, blockchain, investments in tokens – these words are now heard and are increasingly being heard in the context of the development of the gaming industry. Vyacheslav Utochkin, Deputy Director of the Competence Development Center for Business Informatics at the Higher School of Business of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, in an article for HSE Daily, tells what is happening, who benefits from it and what classic gamers think about NFT (spoiler: nothing good).

What is cryptogaming

Crypto games did not appear yesterday: how they work and why they are needed was discussed back in 2018, and even then it was assumed that the hype had passed. However, time shows that interest in this area is only growing. This year, this growth has generally crossed all boundaries. The level of hype, as well as the level of investment in this area, is now at its maximum. But, unfortunately, the maximum level of scammers. Therefore, one must be extremely careful with cryptogames. Nevertheless, the direction itself is very promising, and if you approach it intelligently, with a full understanding of all processes, risks and opportunities, you can earn hundreds, thousands and even tens of thousands of dollars playing.

Vyacheslav Utochkin, photo: Higher School of Economics

So, for starters: what are crypto games in simple terms? This is a special model of games – play-to-earn (feel the difference from free-to-play and buy-to-play), that is, gamers make money on games. How exactly? They buy digital property (characters, virtual islands, plots of land, a digital sword with armor, and so on), but, importantly, its authenticity and uniqueness is confirmed by blockchain technology.

This is not the same as in-game purchases, when you take a premium tank, and then, if you stop playing, it remains a dead weight on your abandoned account, since selling this tank inside the game to other players for real money is impossible, and selling account is prohibited by the rules of the game. With crypto games, everything is different: the good you buy there becomes your digital property, which you can dispose of at your discretion. This means that it can be exchanged and sold, both inside the game and on third-party trading platforms – in other words, earn money. For example, they bought a chest with heroes in one of the crypto games for $100, a legendary rare hero fell out of it, and sold it immediately for $7,000. True, it can, on the contrary, drop garbage that is not even worth $ 100, but which you can still play with, gradually accumulating cryptocurrency, which can eventually be withdrawn from the game. In many crypto games, for example in Axie Infinity, even the developers themselves say that the mission of Sky Mavis, the creators of the game, is not to make an interesting game, but to create jobs through the game so that people can earn money by playing.And the opportunity to earn in the game is more important than the fun.

One of the technologies that allows you to get digital property is NFT (Non-Fungible Token), a non-fungible token. It differs from bitcoin in that each NFT is unique, it has an “electronic tag” with information about the transaction, authorship and owner. Thus, two birds with one stone are killed: authorship is confirmed and ownership of the owner is fixed. By the way, NFT is now being added to the AAA games we are used to, so the technology has already gone beyond crypto games. True, players are often very unhappy with this. So, the developers of S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 changed their minds about getting involved with the NFT after criticism from players.

Why developers need crypto games

A successful crypto game is synonymous with impressive earnings. Thus, the monthly trading volumes of characters in Axie Infinity amount to hundreds of millions of dollars.

It is also a new, unoccupied market, where companies with less than a hundred employees are entering the billion dollar capitalization. For example, Sorare, recently valued at $4.3 billion, has only 34 employees! And Sky Mavis was valued at $3 billion in May and employed just 80 people. And this is after the expansion of the state! Just compare with 10,000 employees at Activision Blizzard and 11,000 at Electronic Arts.

Axie Infinity characters, photo: axie.substack.com

And one more important point: NFTs, tokens, crypto games – all this is now on the buzz. As Bloomberg writes, nothing excites venture capitalists more than the thought of decentralized databases, especially when combined with the acronym NFT. Major game publishers have also stepped up: now they are assuring shareholders that they are also keeping up with the times. Electronic Arts CEO Andrew Wilson called NFT an important part of the future of gaming. True, he added that it is too early to think how it will work. Ubisoft believes that blockchain has revolutionized and the company wants to become a key player in this area.

But it is worth remembering that hype attracts scammers who make ordinary fraudulent pyramid schemes instead of quality games, thereby reducing the credibility of the technology. Therefore, it is necessary to be attentive to the choice of a game project, to look at its developers, partners, the presence of an audit and a number of other factors.

Why do players need crypto games

Igor Demchenko, one of the students of the Competence Development Center for Business Informatics at the Higher School of Business of the Higher School of Economics, launched a crypto game a few years ago and said that in such games gamers gain freedom due to the fact that they can transfer purchased values ​​from one project to another, at any time to sell to other players and keep the acquired even if the studio that released the project went bankrupt.

Players earn in such popular projects as CryptoKitties and Axie Infinity. In the first case, they create, crossbreed and sell rare cats, and in the second they collect, grow and sell creatures that can fight in arenas and earn in-game currency. In both cases, NFTs are used.There is an opinion that NFT and the gaming industry have a great joint future, because non-fungible tokens are well suited to create characters, locations and in-game items.

Moreover, according to Stephen Walters, CEO and founder of Gallant Token, parents can create crypto wallets for their children, who will play play-to-earn games in the future and thus earn money for college or simply save for the future.

Earnings in Axie Infinity for many people, especially in the Philippines, has already replaced work and allows you to earn no less than on the same fishing. And yet, unlike normal work, real miracles sometimes happen in the NFT market. For example, when the Bored Ape Yacht Club art collection first went on sale, one man, John Knough, bought an image of a smoking monkey in a spacesuit with laser beams in its eyes immediately after the collection was created for $320. Six months later, John Knough sold the rights to the picture for 347 Ethereum, which is equivalent to $1.4 million. He says it has changed his life for the better.

What classic gamers think about NFTs: S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2

In December, GSC Game World announced the launch of the S.T.A.L.K.E.R. metaverse and NFTs. 2. The idea was that the shooter would be the first AAA game that players could own a part of. It was supposed to be more than an immersive gaming experience.

The tokens were supposed to work like this: items will appear on the DMarket platform in the form of separate drops. In January 2022, the first drop will take place in the auction format, where you can buy the first metahuman: it will be copied from the owner using photogrammetry and added to Stalker as an NPC. In February, the developers planned to give away top-secret genesis kits.

GSC representatives emphasized that they want to introduce a unique meta element into the game, but items in the form of NFTs will not affect the gameplay and will not give players any advantages.

Nevertheless, the effect of this news can be compared with the digital explosion of the fourth power unit at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant: gamers began to scribble thousands of nuclear comments and bury the game under radioactive waste, and with it the creators and the gaming industry as a whole. In their opinion, NFT is a scam, an attempt to sell players air, the destruction of the “tube” gameplay and an unnecessary advantage of some players over others.

Frustrated gamers even demanded that the game be removed from Steam as violating the rules of the site, they were going to cancel pre-orders and cross Stalker off their wishlists.

All this happened on December 15th. And already on the night of December 16-17, the developers of S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 have announced they are ditching NFTs due to the scandal. “The interests of fans and players are a priority for our team. We make the game for you to enjoy, whatever the price. If you care, we care too,” wrote the GSC Game World team.

Cryptoskepticism of Steam, investors and individual game developers

The Steam platform has already expressed its unequivocal position on crypto games: a special item has appeared in the list “What should not be published on Steam”. Games with NFT and blockchain are prohibited, Valve plans to ban such games. This is due to the fact that the company does not allow the use of in-game items that have real value.

In general, some investors and bankers are also skeptical about cryptocurrencies: let bitcoin and Ethereum be recognized on Wall Street, but there are hundreds of other, unverified currencies. There is no guarantee that unstable tokens can be converted into cash. This can be prevented by technical failures and sudden price spikes. Of course, rich investors will survive this, but ordinary market participants may find themselves in a vulnerable position, financiers say.

With game companies, too, not everything is so simple. Now they are investing in blockchain because it can become something cool in the future, but not because this technology has practical applications here and now, writes Bloomberg. So, the company Zynga Inc., which makes casual games, has hired a vice president for blockchain. True, CEO Frank Gibaud doesn't yet fully understand what this role means. According to Gibaut, allowing players to own and invest in virtual items is important, as this concept can be used to make cool new games. But only in theory, but how and when is not yet entirely clear.

“It’s not entirely clear yet” is perhaps the key thing to say about the skyrocketing market for cryptogaming and NFT games. A lot of people are in a hurry to jump on the hype train, and it is possible that they will succeed greatly. On the other hand, you may have to jump off hastily, and so carefully so that you don’t get blown away by another train.

The topic of cryptogaming is very interesting, but carries great risks. So it would be best, before starting to do this, to thoroughly pump your technological literacy, reasonably weigh all the risks, not run after imaginary mountains of gold to where there is still no regulation and no one can ensure your safety from yourself. But if taking these risks is part of a strategic plan for professional development, then this area is not only attractive from the point of view of the potential unwinding at the speed of light, but also simply, in my experience, fascinating. And when you do something that you enjoy doing, the results are usually better.

Basketball is a sports team game with a ball. Basketball is played by two teams, each consisting of five players.

About Basketball

Basketball sports team game with the ball. Basketball is played by two teams, each consisting of five players. The goal of each team is to throw the ball with their hands into the opponent’s net ring (basket) and prevent the other team from taking possession of the ball and throwing it into their own basket. The basket (mesh ring) is at a height of 3.05 meters (10 feet) from the floor. There are 5 people from each team on the court, in total there are 12 people in the team, substitutions are not limited. For a ball thrown from close and medium distances, 2 points are counted, from a far one (because of the three-point line) – 3 points. A free throw is worth one point. The standard size of a basketball court is 28 meters long and 15 meters wide. Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world.

Basketball has been part of the Olympic Games since 1936. James Naismith was there as a guest. The regular World Basketball Championships for men have been held since 1950, for women since 1953, and the European Championships since 1935.

Europe hosts international club competitions ULEB Euroleague, ULEB European Cup, Challenge Cup.

The game reached its greatest development in the United States, where one of the strongest basketball championships was organized – the championship of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

In the winter of 1891, students at the Youth Christian Association College in Springfield, Massachusetts, simply languished in physical education classes, forced to perform endless gymnastic exercises, which were considered at that time almost the only means of introducing young people to sports. The monotony of such activities had to be urgently put to an end, to introduce a fresh stream into them, which would be able to satisfy the competitive needs of strong and healthy young people.

A humble college teacher named James Naismith found a way out of what seemed to be an impasse. On December 1, 1891, he tied two peach baskets to the railing of the balcony of the sports hall and, dividing eighteen students into two teams, offered them a game, the meaning of which was to throw more balls into the opponents’ basket. A start was made. Could Dr. Naismith then have guessed what a great future awaits his offspring?

The idea of ​​this game originated in his school years, when children played the old game duck-on-a-rock. The meaning of this game, popular at that time, was as follows: throwing a small stone, it was necessary to hit the top of another stone, larger in size, with it.

Quite pragmatically named basketball (English basket – basket, ball – ball), the game, of course, only remotely resembled the enchanting spectacle that we know under this name today.There was no dribbling, the players only threw it to each other, standing still, and then tried to throw it into the basket, and only with both hands from below or from the chest, and after a successful throw, one of the players climbed onto a ladder attached to the wall and removed the ball from the basket . From a modern point of view, the actions of the teams would seem to us sluggish and inhibited, but the goal of Dr. Naismith was to create a team game in which a large number of participants could be involved at the same time, and his invention fully met this task.

Initially, the rules of the game of basketball were formulated by the American James Naismith and consisted of only 13 points. Basketball has changed over time, and so have the rules. The first international rules of the game were adopted in 1932 at the first FIBA ​​Congress, after which they were repeatedly adjusted and changed, the last significant changes were made in 1998 and 2004. Since 2004, the rules of the game have remained unchanged. The rules of the game are somewhat different in the NBA and championships held under the auspices of FIBA ​​(World Championships, Olympic Games, Continental Championships, international and national championships of European clubs)

Basketball is played by two teams, usually twelve people, each of which has five players on the court at the same time. The goal of each team in basketball is to get the ball into the opponent’s basket and prevent the other team from getting the ball and putting it into their team’s basket.

The ball is played only with the hands. Running with the ball without hitting it on the floor, intentionally kicking it, blocking it with any part of the leg, or punching it is a foul. Accidental contact or touching of the ball with the foot or leg is not a violation.

The winner in basketball is the team with the most points at the end of playing time. In case of a tie at the end of the main time of the match, overtime is assigned (usually five minutes of extra time), if the score is equal at the end of it, a second, third, etc. overtime is assigned until the winner of the match is revealed .

For one hit of the ball into the ring, a different number of points can be counted:

The game officially begins with a jump ball in the center circle when the ball is legally tapped by one of the jumpers. The match consists of four periods of ten minutes (twelve minutes in the National Basketball Association) with breaks of two minutes. The duration of the break between the second and third quarters of the game is fifteen minutes. After a long break, the teams must exchange baskets.

The game can be played in an open area and in a hall with a height of at least 7 m. The size of the field is 28×15 m. The shield is 180×105 cm from the stand. From the bottom edge of the shield to the floor or ground should be 275 cm.The basket is a metal ring covered with mesh without a bottom. It is attached at a distance of 0.31 m from the lower edge of the shield. The circumference of the ball for playing basketball is 75-80 cm, weight is 600-650 g.

Foul is an infraction of the rules caused by personal contact or unsportsmanlike conduct.

A player who receives 5 fouls (6 fouls in the NBA) in a match must leave the playing court and may not take part in the match (but is allowed to remain on the bench). A player who receives a disqualifying foul must leave the match venue (the player is not allowed to remain on the bench).

The coach is disqualified if:

Each foul counts for team fouls, except for a technical foul received by a coach, team official or bench player.

Personal foul – foul due to personal contact.

Punishment:

If the foul is committed on a player who is not in the throwing stage, then:

If the foul is committed on a player in the throwing phase, then:

unsportsmanlike foul – a foul committed as a result of contact in which the player did not try to play the ball within the rules.

Punishment:

If the foul is committed on a player who is in the throwing stage, then proceed in the same way as in the case of a personal foul. If the foul is committed on a player who is not in the throwing stage, then the injured player takes 2 throws. After free throws, the ball is thrown in by the injured team from outside the area on the extension of the center line. The exception is fouls committed before the start of the first period. In this case, after the free throws, a jump ball is played (as in the case of a normal start of the game). If a player commits 2 unsportsmanlike fouls in one match, he shall be disqualified.

Disqualifying foul is a foul due to egregious unsportsmanlike conduct. A disqualifying foul may be received by a player, substitute, coach or team official.

Punishment:

The number of free throws and the throw-in after them are charged in the same way as an unsportsmanlike foul.

technical foul – a foul not caused by contact with an opponent. This may be disrespect for the referees, an opponent, a delay in the game, violations of a procedural nature.

Punishment:

Any player on the non-offending team scores 2 free throws. After the throws have been made, the discard is done in the same way as an unsportsmanlike foul.

Main elements of the game:

Of particular importance in modern basketball is the fight under the shield. The well-known basketball motto is: “Whoever wins the shield wins the game,” and one of the main statistics of a basketball player’s performance – whether it be a single game or an entire season – is the number of so-called rebounds and blocks.

How old is basketball?

Did you know that a game that is very similar to basketball in our understanding was a favorite pastime of the Maya Indians (civilization has existed since about 2000 BC).to 900 AD) and the Aztecs (civilization existed in the XIV-XVI centuries). We know a lot about Aztec basketball from archaeological finds, including playing fields, balls and figurines of players. In addition, in some parts of Mexico, a game has survived to this day that is impossibly similar to tlachtli, only it is now called “hip ulama”.

The Aztecs played ball on a field specially equipped for this, on both sides of which rings were fixed (in contrast to modern basketball – vertically). The goal of the players, who were divided into teams, was to pass a heavy rubber ball through the opponent’s hoop. The Aztec game was cruel, since the rubber ball was very heavy, and among other things, the losing team was often sacrificed to the gods.

In its modern form, basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a physical education teacher at Springfield College in Massachusetts. In his version, students, divided into teams, had to throw a soccer ball into peach baskets fixed on opposite sides of the hall (see History of Basketball).